A:
M.C. Mehta Vs Union Of India 1986
B:
Mohd. Ahmed Khan Vs Shah Bano Begum 1985
C:
Minerva Mills Vs Union Of India 1980
D:
Indira Gandhi Vs Raj Narain 1975
Explanation
The correct answer is A: M.C. Mehta Vs Union Of India 1986.
In the case of M.C. Mehta Vs Union Of India, the Supreme Court of India enlarged the scope of Article 21 (Protection of life and personal liberty) and Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies) of the Indian Constitution to include the right to a healthy environment and pollution-free surroundings.
The case was related to the alarming increase in air pollution and other environmental hazards in Delhi, India. The Supreme Court took cognizance of the matter and passed various orders to protect the environment and the health of the people, including the closure of polluting industries, the use of clean fuel, and the introduction of measures to prevent vehicular pollution.
The court observed that the right to a healthy environment is an integral part of the fundamental right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution. It further held that the right to live in a pollution-free environment is also part of the citizens' fundamental right to life and personal liberty.
The case was a landmark judgment in environmental law and established the principle of the "polluter pays" doctrine in India, which means that the polluting industries are liable to compensate for the environmental damages caused by them.
