A:
Beyond Reasonable Doubt
B:
Beyond Shadow Of Doubt
C:
Preponderance Of Probabilities
D:
Balance Of Probabilities
Explanation
The standard of proof required in criminal law is "beyond reasonable doubt." This means that the prosecution must prove its case to a level where a reasonable person, looking at all the evidence, would be sure of the defendant's guilt. This is a high standard of proof that leaves little room for doubt or uncertainty.
Beyond shadow of a doubt is not a legal standard of proof in any jurisdiction. It is a colloquial phrase used to describe a level of certainty that is higher than beyond reasonable doubt.
"Preponderance of probabilities" and "balance of probabilities" are standards of proof used in civil cases, not criminal cases. In civil cases, the burden of proof is lower, and the plaintiff only needs to prove their case to the satisfaction of the court on the balance of probabilities (i.e., that it is more likely than not that their claim is true).
